Geodesic dome

A geodesic dome is a rounded architectural shell made from interconnected straight members or panels. Its framework is commonly arranged as triangles, which together approximate a curved surface. The geometry lets structural stresses be distributed across the shell rather than carried only by a solid surface. Some designs use exposed struts and connectors; others cover the framework with panels or a thin skin. Materials, dimensions and construction methods vary, so the term describes a family of structures rather than a single standard plan.

Because the shell can carry loads through its connected framework, a geodesic dome can enclose a broad interior without a central column. Its actual performance depends on the design and construction of the members, joints, foundation and covering; the shape alone does not guarantee that a building will be cheaper or stronger than alternatives.

The form's history predates its association with R. Buckminster Fuller. In the early twentieth century, Zeiss engineer Walther Bauersfeld worked on a planetarium project whose projection surface consisted of a geodesic steel lattice covered with concrete. Zeiss demonstrated its first projection planetarium in 1923, and the technology soon spread to museums and other public venues. The dome made an immersive projection of the sky possible for audiences gathered inside.

American engineer and architect R. Buckminster Fuller became the best-known advocate of geodesic structures. He refined and promoted dome designs and received U.S. Patent 2,682,235, titled “Building construction,” in 1954. The earlier Zeiss planetarium work is an important part of the form's history; Fuller's work helped popularize it and make it a recognizable example of modern structural design.

Geodesic domes have been used for planetariums, exhibition buildings, greenhouses, theatres and sports facilities. A prominent example was the large dome designed by Fuller for the United States pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal.