Education
Learning and educational systems
Articles in this category are re-verified roughly every 180 days.
Education
Bilingual education
Bilingual education uses two languages to teach academic content, often with the additional aim of developing literacy and communication in both. Programmes differ in how they balance a learner’s home language with another language and whether they prioritize transition or continuing bilingualism. Research and guidance emphasize that outcomes depend on programme design, language context, staffing, and materials.
Updated 18 Oct 2026
Education
Braille
Braille is a tactile system of reading and writing in which patterns of raised dots are read by touch. It is a code, not a language: braille systems represent letters, numbers, punctuation and other symbols in many languages, as well as specialized notation such as music and mathematics. Its six-position cell was devised by the French educator Louis Braille in the nineteenth century and has since been adapted and standardized for different uses. Braille supports literacy, education and access to written information for people who are blind or have low vision.
Updated 14 Oct 2026
Education
Early childhood education
Early childhood education comprises organized learning experiences for young children before and around the transition to primary school. In policy, it is often discussed together with care as early childhood education and care (ECEC) or early childhood care and education (ECCE), linking learning with children’s health, safety, relationships and development. Age boundaries and service models differ by country; UNESCO’s ECCE framework covers birth through age eight. Research and policy emphasize that access alone is not enough: supportive relationships, play, trained staff, safe settings and equitable provision all shape the quality of young children’s experiences.
Updated 15 Oct 2026
Education
Indian Institute of Science
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a research and higher-education institution in Bengaluru, India. Conceived by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and established by the Government of India in 1909 with support from the Maharaja of Mysore, it began academic work in 1911 with two departments. Today IISc brings together research and teaching across sciences, engineering and interdisciplinary fields, and was formally notified as an Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University in 2018.
Updated 31 Oct 2026
Education
Literacy
Literacy is the capacity to read, write and work with written information, skills that people develop and use throughout life. Contemporary educational frameworks treat it as more than decoding text: readers may need to understand, evaluate and apply information to personal and social goals, including in digital settings. Its precise definition depends on context, and assessments describe particular skills rather than capturing every way people use language and information.
Updated 13 Oct 2026
Education
Montessori education
Montessori education is an approach to teaching developed by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori in the early twentieth century. It combines carefully prepared classrooms, hands-on learning materials, mixed-age groups, and opportunities for pupils to choose purposeful work, with teachers observing, presenting lessons, and guiding progress. Research reviews report positive average outcomes in many settings, while noting that Montessori schools vary in implementation and that the evidence has methodological limits.
Updated 12 Oct 2026
Education
National Education Policy 2020 (India)
India's National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) sets out a framework for reforming school and higher education, emphasizing early childhood education, foundational literacy and numeracy, multidisciplinary learning, inclusion and changes to assessment and governance. It proposes a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure for school education and describes goals and implementation responsibilities across the education system.
Updated 8 Nov 2026
Education
Open Educational Resources
Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research materials that are in the public domain or released under an open license. Unlike materials that are merely free to view, OER grant users permission to reuse, adapt and share them, subject to the applicable license. They can support the creation and localization of learning materials, but access to OER alone does not ensure quality, accessibility or effective teaching.
Updated 13 Oct 2026
Education
Social and emotional learning
Social and emotional learning (SEL) is an umbrella term for educational approaches that help people develop and apply skills for understanding emotions, pursuing goals, empathizing, building relationships and making considered decisions. Schools may teach these skills directly or reinforce them through classroom practice and school-community environments. Research reviews of universal school-based programmes generally report positive average outcomes, but results vary with programme design, setting and implementation; associations between measured skills and life outcomes do not by themselves establish causation.
Updated 19 Oct 2026
Education
Technical and vocational education and training (TVET)
Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is a broad field of education, training and skills development linked to occupational work, production, services and livelihoods. It includes pathways at different levels of education and throughout adult life, ranging from classroom-based programs to workplace learning such as apprenticeships. Alongside practical and technical competencies, TVET may develop literacy, numeracy and transferable skills. Systems differ across countries, but they commonly aim to help learners enter or progress in work and adapt as skill needs change. International policy discussions emphasize quality, inclusion, learner needs and connections with employers and the wider labor market.
Updated 18 Oct 2026
Education
Universal Design for Learning
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an educational framework for planning instruction, materials and assessment around learner variability. Its guidelines propose multiple means of engagement, representation, and action and expression so learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning. Developed by CAST, UDL is used across educational settings. Research reviews report promising applications while also identifying gaps and limits in the evidence, so results should not be assumed to be uniform in every context.
Updated 16 Oct 2026